Arnica: Research studies at The University Of California San Francisco Medical Center showed topical applications of Arnica to be effective in reducing bruising, swelling, edema, hematoma and contusions.
Boswella: Has Anti-inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic actions in acute and chronic models of inflammation. Boswella reduces swelling, increasing mobility, thereby effectively reducing pain.
Eucalyptus: Is a Pain Reliever with warming properties that is also anti-bacterial in nature.
Ilex: Reduces pain, swelling and loosens stiff joints.
Menthol: Is used clinically as an anti-inflammatory and Pain Reliever. It causes a cold sensation on the skin, by activating peripheral cold receptors.
MSM: Is a naturally occurring, essential nutrient found in healthy tissue and joints. Studies at The University of Oregon Medical School reported that: "MSM has a wide range of pharmacologic actions including topical membrane penetration, anti-inflammation and local analgesia." Applied topically MSM creates a tingling sensation.
Peppermint Oil: Has anesthetic properties as well as being a vascular and lymphatic system stimulant.
Peppermint creates a burning-cold sensation.
Purified Water: Has been processed by reverse osmosis to insure that it is chemical free.
SD Alcohol 39-C: All Natural, Distilled Grain Alcohol. For External Use Only.

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